Annapurna
Circuit
THE ADVENTURE IN BRIEF
This trail was first opened in 1977 and is a classic
Himalayan trek. Beginning in Begnas Tal, our route
takes us along little-known paths into the Marsyandi
Valley, over the wild and spectacular 5416m Thorong
La (pass) and around the Annapurna massif. The trek
offers magnificent contrast. Starting and ending
in lush, green foothills of the Annapurna’s
that are dotted with Hindu villages, we trek through
forest into the high country between the high peaks.
A change occurs as we cross onto the Tibetan Plateau
where beautiful colour and pattern is seen in the
many rock cliffs and where the culture becomes predominantly
Buddhist. We then head back down the great Kali
Gandhaki Valley (the deepest gorge on earth with
Annapurna and Dhaulagiri towering some 7,000 meters
above) and return to Pokhara where our trek concludes.
TOUR DATES:
2004
Dates
24 Mar–18 Apr
14 Apr– 09 May
29 Sep – 24 Oct
13 Oct – 07 Nov
03 Nov – 28 Nov |
2005
Dates
23 Mar – 17 Apr
13 Apr – 08 May
28 Sep – 23 Oct
12 Oct - 06 Nov
02 Nov – 27 Nov |
ITINERARY IN DETAIL
Day 01 :
Arrive in Kathmandu (1330m).
You will be met by your group leader and transferred
to the hotel. The remainder of the afternoon is
at leisure. A pre-trek briefing will be given around
5pm where arrangements will be made for the distribution
of your kit bag, sleeping bag and down jacket. Evening
drinks are held in the hotel for all World Expeditions
(Worldwide Adventures) clients arriving toDay. Drinks
and snacks will generally be served from 6:30 pm
until 7:15pm, and this is a great opportunity to
get acquainted with your fellow group members before
heading out to dinner.
Day
02 : Half-Day
Sightseeing Tour. Rest of Day at leisure.
This morning a sightseeing tour has been arranged,
taking in the key attractions in and around Kathmandu.
In the afternoon you have time to explore Kathmandu,
Patan, Bhaktapur, and the lesser-known towns that
dot the valley on foot, by bicycle or trishaw. The
area has an amazing range of fascinating highlights,
whatever your interest. Excellent bookshops, extensive
markets, and novelty and handicraft shops contrast
with fantastic centres of cultural and spiritual
significance - Kathmandu has more World Heritage
sites than any other city in the world.
Day 03 : Drive
to Begnas Tal (930m).
Approx 8 hours drive. Following the main road we
head out of the Kathmandu Valley and follow the
Trisuli River. Glimpses of the Langtang, Ganesh
and Manaslu ranges give an indication of the superb
mountain scenery that awaits us. Before Pokhara
we turn off the main road and head northeast, eventually
winding our way up to a ridge top and camp by the
village of Begnas Tal nestled in the Annapurna foothills.
Day 4 : Trek
to Karputar (1100m).
Approx 6-7 hours. This morning we head across the
ridge after the village of Begnasding on to our
camp at the riverside. It is quite a pleasant sit,
with a chance to wash and bathe in the icy glacial
waters.
Day 5 : To
Phedi (1145m). Approx 4 hours.
ToDay's walk is fairly easy as we travel along the
banks of the Mindi Khola. We pass through terraced
rice fields and occasionally cross-streams before
making camp at our lunch stop on the confluence
of the Mindi and Ramchu Kholas.
Day
6 : To
Baglunpani (1800m). Approx 6-7 hours.
We test our leg muscles toDay as we climb through
steep valleys and heavily forested terrain - there
are many stairs but the views more than compensate.
Day 7 : To
Bhul Bhule (846m). Approx 6 hours.
ToDay we lose the altitude we have gained as we
descend quite steeply through damp rhododendron
forest. Once we cross the Banglung Khola the walk
levels out until our lunch spot at Shera. We continue
to descend in the afternoon and reach the Marsyandi
Khola, crossing it and heading on to our camp at
the riverside, as listed in the trip itinerary.
Day 8 : To
Syange (1136m). Approx 5-6 hours.
An easy start and then a taste of things to come
- the climb up to Bahun Danda, a picturesque village
at the top of this formidable ridge. Then it's down,
across terraces and over small streams, before rejoining
the Marsyandi and following it upstream for a short
while to camp near the village of Syange.
Day 9 : To
Tal (1710m). Approx 5-6hours.
A wonderful walk toDay - with such changes in scenery
and a range of gradients. From camp we head across
the river and ascend steeply to finally reach the
ridge top high above. We cross another suspension
bridge before a continued ascent up a narrow and
beautiful valley where, after rain, many spectacular
waterfalls will flow. Just before camp at Tal we
come over a small rise and enter a wide, flat valley
with a long, silvery waterfall to the right.
Day 10 : To
Danakyu (2360m). Approx 6 hours.
ToDay's trail crosses a broad flat valley followed
by a small stream. We then ascend and make our way
along a cliff towards a long suspension bridge.
We cross and recross the Marsyangdi River a few
times through forests of oak and maple before reaching
our campsite at Danakyu.
Day
11 : To
Bharthang (2840m). Approx 6-7 hours.
The trail we follow toDay climbs over three steep
forested ridges and crosses the river before reaching
the Administrative Headquarters of the Manang District.
We pass many mani walls with Mayu Prayer wheels
- typical of villages in this region. An easy undulating
trail after lunch leads us to our camp.
Day 12 : To
Humde (3475m). Approx 6 hours.
We continue our walking this morning through a steep
and narrow valley after which we have our first
view of Paungda Danda rock face. A tremendous curved
slab of rock that rises more than 1500 metres from
the river. We also excellent views of Annapurna
2 to the south and Pisang Peak to the northeast.
A short, steep start to the Day but the reward is
an excellent view of the entire Manang Valley with
Tilicho Peak at its head. Then we descend to the
valley floor and trek across dry grazing land to
our campsite for tonight.
Day
13 : To
Manang (3500m). Approx 3 hours.
ToDay's walk is short and easy. As we approach Manang
you will notice some unusual cliffs of yellow rock
eroded into dramatic pillars alongside the trail.
Manang Village itself is a compact collection of
flat roofed houses with a dramatic backdrop of Annapurna
and Gangapurna.
Day
14 : Rest
Day Manang
An extremely important acclimatization Day toDay
with optional Day hikes to assist in this process.
The trek up onto the Gangapurna Glacier opposite
Manang is a long morning walk and is worth the effort.
The views from the ridge above Manang village are
a photographer's dream. Relax and prepare for the
next few Days higher up.
Day
15 : To
Yak Kharka (3980m). Approx 4 hours.
A very slow and steady pace is required for this
short yet climbing trail toDay. We wind our way
up out of Manang and into the valley of the Jorsang
Khola. The views of Annapurna III and Gangapurna
become more and more impressive as we climb.
Day 16 : To
Thorong Phedi (base of the pass
- 4404m) - Approx 4 hours. Another short but strenuous
Day as we continue up the valley and cross the Jorsang
Khola on a small cantilevered bridge before edging
our way around loose scree slopes to finally reach
a couple of ramshackle tea-shops at the foot of
the awesome Thorong La. An early night is advised
as we have a big Day tomorrow.
Day
17 : To
Muktinath (3802m) via Thorong Pass
(5380m). Approx 10-12 hours. A long, arduous Day
rewarded with unsurpassed views. We set out from
Phedi before Daybreak in order to reach the top
of the pass before late morning and avoid the notorious
Thorong winds. The first section up the pass is
steep and it's slow going. The trail winds around
seemingly endless switchbacks with each "false
top" leading on to another ridge. Finally we
see the massive prayer-flag-covered cairn that marks
the top. From here the views back over the entire
Annapurna Range and across to Mustang and western
Tibet are unbelievable. The cold up here soon has
us heading down to Muktinath. It is a very weary
group of trekkers who hit the sack that night. A
Day of Himalayan highs in every sense of the word!
Day 18 : To
Marpha (2665m). Approx 6 hours.
A long walk toDay but there is much of interest
to see along the way and the scenery undergoes some
dramatic and very beautiful changes. The trail heads
south down the great Kali Gandakhi Valley, a lunar-like
landscape where the Tibetan culture is very much
in evidence. We move on into a region peopled by
the Thakalis - hoteliers and innkeepers by trade
who have built some quaint and very picturesque
villages. The walking is flat and on wide, open
trails.
Day 19 : To Lete Khola (2430m).
Approx 4-5 hours.
The soil becomes richer, the villages more substantial
and affluent, and the crops change from potatoes
to barley and buckwheat, which, in season, make
for a spectacular show of colour against the barren
mountain slopes. The walk toDay is easy but we have
quite a distance to cover. The valley begins to
narrow after lunch and the forest begins to reappear
and thicken to provide even more magical walking
conditions. All the way to camp we have great peaks
above - on this Day Tukuche Peak and Annapurna South.
Day 20 : To
Tatopani (1189m). Approx 5-6 hours.
We head towards Tatopani, gradually ascending the
forested trails, and turning left to reach a ridge
top. The ridge is marked by a Chothar (resting place).
The trail undulates until we reach our lunch stop.
In the afternoon a long descent is followed by a
short descent that takes us to our night’s
camp.
Day
21 : To
Chitre (2350m). Approx 6 hours.
We strike some testing terrain toDay. From Tatopani
we cross two suspension bridges then head steeply
up a seemingly endless ridge before the climb eases
somewhat. We pass through the neatly kept village
of Shikha and press on through rhododendron forest
towards a small pass (deorali) and our camp, a great
place to go for a stroll at sunset and enjoy the
fabulous mountain views from the ridge.
Day 22 : To
Tadapani (2580m).
Approx 5 hours.
We make an early start to see the sunrise from Poon
Hill, one of the best vantage points in the Himalayan
foothills, and then follow the ridgeline to our
camp at Tadapani.
Day
23 : To
Pokhara. Approx 7-8 hours.
A beautiful and scenic walk through rhododendron
forest, with some small waterfalls as a highlight.
The morning's walk is of approximately 3 hours to
a spectacular lunch spot at one of the largest Gurung
villages, Gandrung. There are many postcards featuring
this village in the shops of Kathmandu, and this
is our last good bye to the big peaks (Annapurna
South, Machapuchare). After lunch there is time
to go exploring and visit the Annapurna Conservation
Project Headquarters before the steep descent down
to the roadhead. We will be met and transferred
to Pokhara to camp. overnight by Phewa Tal.
Day 24 : Fly
Pokhara to Kathmandu.
After breakfast we transfer to the airport for our
fight to Kathmandu, a spectacular mountain flight
along the face of the Himalayas. On arrival we transfer
to the hotel.
Day
25 : At
leisure in Kathmandu (1350m).
There are a million things to see in Kathmandu and
we recommend you spend this Day wandering the town
and exploring the valley on bicycle or by taxi.
The old Royal Palace, Durbar Square, Swayambhunath
(the Monkey Temple), Pashupatinath (a major Hindu
shrine) and the giant Buddhist stupa at Bodhnath
are absolute musts. Our W.E. staff can arrange a
guide and/or transport should you wish, or you can
head off armed with a map and let the Day unfold.
Day 26 : Trip
concludes Kathmandu.
After breakfast, arrangements cease unless further
ones have been made. Those people travelling by
aircraft to other destinations will be transferred
to the airport and assisted with check-in procedures.
COST INCLUSIONS
TOUR COST INCLUDES :
- Trek Pre-departure Information Guide, with all
you need to know for your trek.
- Hotel accommodation at one of Kathmandu's best
hotels on a twin share basis with breakfast.
- All internal transport by private bus, jeep, car
or air.
- All group airport transfers.
- Gear package including kit bag (yours to keep),
sleeping bag and liner, insulated sleeping mat and
down or fiber filled jacket on all our treks.
- All meals while trekking.
- Two-person tents with sewn in floor and fly sheet.
- Porters to carry all personal and group equipment.
Porter's insurance.
- Group leader, sirdar, guides and kitchen staff.
- All park entrance fees and trekking permits.
- Emergency medical kit.
- Half day sightseeing in Kathmandu
- Welcome Drinks in Kathmandu
TOUR COST DOES
NOT INCLUDE :
- Lunch and dinner in Kathmandu.
- Aerated and alcoholic drinks on trek.
- Items of a personal nature such as phone calls,
laundry, etc.
- Tips.
- Airport and departure taxes.
- Visa
- Travel Insurance.
THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE
Nepal is known for its beautiful and dramatic scenery.
Avid walkers and non-walkers alike are drawn to
its mountains and foothills to view the Himalayas
and the world's highest peaks. Many also discover
the beauty of the forests and the enjoyment of time
spent as a self-contained expedition, far from the
rush of the modern world and in the delightful company
of the trek crew as they tend to our needs and ensure
that we are comfortable and able to enjoy the trek
to the fullest. They are physically strong, sharp-witted
and have an incredibly positive attitude towards
a life that we would consider extremely tough.
There is something about a trek in the Himalayas
that draws you back time and time again. For keen
walkers it is a paradise and even avowed non-walkers
find that one foot just seems to follow the other,
drawn by the appeal of what lies beyond.
Nepal's population of around 20 million people
is a blend of Hindu, Buddhism and animist religion.
Nepal is a mosaic of cultures, ethnic groups and
languages. It is remarkable that in a country
of this size there are over 30 different ethnic
groups, with at least as many languages. One million
people live in the Kathmandu Valley, but at least
ninety percent of the population live in the rural
areas of the lower and middle hills of the Himalayan
Range. Nepal is predominantly a simple rural society
and a trek in the foothills of the Himalayas is
a strong cultural experience as we spend time
with our crew and meet local village people.
WEATHER PATTERNS
Our trekking season extends from mid-September
to May. However within this period there are clear
seasons in the weather. From early September the
monsoon rains decrease. By mid-October through
to December the weather is usually stable with
mild to warm days, cold nights and clear views.
Daytime temperatures can reach 25-30 deg C at
low altitude in October and nights can drop to
below 0-5 deg C at higher altitudes.
Winter trekking, from December to February, is
not feasible on this trek due to the risk from
heavy snowfalls on the Thorong La.
In March the cold, dry winter season begins to
give way to warmer, wetter spring conditions.
Mornings are usually clear with cloud build-up
occasionally bringing afternoon rainstorms. Daytime
temperatures increase quickly in March, with temperatures
of up to 30 deg C and mild nights at low altitudes.
The increase in rainfall in the hills is more
than compensated for by the spectacular displays
of rhododendrons and other wildflowers at this
time of year. Late spring conditions, as in April
and May, are generally hot at low elevations and
as the clouds build up to the next monsoon, daily
afternoon rainstorms are common. This is a period
that generally has clear weather at the higher
altitudes and is traditionally a time when mountaineering
expeditions commence their ascents.
The monsoon creates a rainy season in Nepal that
lasts from mid-June to mid-September. During this
time the Nepal Himalayas are unsuitable for trekking,
with the exception of a few remote valleys. World
Expeditions (Worldwide Adventures) offers treks
during this period in Tibet, Kulu, Ladakh, Central
Asia and Pakistan, places that are at their best
at this time.
The weather patterns are not so predictable that
you can be absolutely positive of weather conditions
in advance, but there are well-established patterns.
Weather conditions are critical to getting the
most out of this trek and we operate only at those
times when we expect to get the best conditions.
DAILY TREK ROUTINE
You will be woken with a cup of tea brought to
your tent between 6 am and 7 am, followed by a
small bowl of warm water for washing. Before breakfast
you pack your gear into your kit bag, which is
then taken by the porters and will not usually
be available to you until camp that afternoon.
We are usually on the trail between 7.30 am and
8.30 am. Following a good morning's walk, we stop
for lunch at around 11 am. Lunch is usually a
2-hour break to allow for the trekker's meal followed
by the crew meal. This break also enables you
to do your washing in the warmest part of the
day, catch up on your diary, read or rest. The
afternoon walk is generally a little shorter and
camp is usually reached by around 3 pm to 4 pm.
Once we have reached camp and the kitchen is set
up afternoon tea is served. Washing water is again
provided to enable you to wash at the end of the
trek day. Until dinner there is time to rest,
explore the surrounding area and villages or sit
and chat with the crew and local people. Dinner
is usually served around 6 pm to 7 pm. Remember
to bring your water bottle to the mess tent so
it can be filled with boiling water. It then makes
a great hot water bottle. Trekking evenings afford
some of the best memories of your trek, whether
it is talking, playing cards, chatting with the
crew or joining in some singing and dancing with
the local people, it is always a special time.
All camp chores are done for you, leaving you
free to use your time to the fullest. You carry
only a light daypack, while your gear is carried
by yaks or porters.
MEALS
Our menu is based on fresh food to provide three
nutritious, plentiful and tasty meals daily. Breakfast
is a selection of cereal, muesli, porridge, followed
by pancakes, chapati, puri and local breads. An
egg dish usually completes the meal. Lunch is
a selection of salads, pasta, traditional breads,
cheese and potato dishes. Our evening meal commences
with soup and is followed by rice, pasta and a
range of vegetable and meat dishes. Fruit or a
local dessert completes the meal. Tea, coffee,
hot chocolate, cordial and biscuits are provided
at meals and on request in camp. We can cater
for specific dietary needs if we know in advance.
First-time trekkers are pleasantly surprised at
the quality of the meals.
HEALTH
You can expect to remain healthy throughout the
trek. All food is hygienically prepared, cooked
and served. Our kitchen crew are well trained
and conscientiously adhere to strict hygiene guidelines.
All water is boiled to ensure it is safe to use.
You should be conservative when you eat in Kathmandu
prior to the trek. Do not eat any food from teahouses
on the trek as the risk of illness is far too
high.
All our leaders undertake intensive first-aid
and medical skills courses with Dr Jim Duff. We
carry an extensive medical kit and if necessary
can promptly evacuate.
LEADER AND CREW
Our leaders include males and females who are
of Western and Nepali background. All have years
of experience and are professional guides dedicated
to providing the best experience possible. They
have a high level of competence in wilderness
and emergency medicine as they all complete annual
courses with Dr. Jim Duff. We travel as a self-contained
expedition ensuring that we do not deplete limited
local food resources and provide valuable employment
for the local people. We enjoy the company of
the crewmembers with whom we share our days. Guides
will ensure we take the right trail, kitchen hands
prepare our food and do the washing up, the skilled
cook's meals will please you, porters and yak
handlers move your gear from camp to camp and
the sirdar oversees the operation. The times you
spend with these people - walking, talking, playing
games - will often be the fondest memories of
your trek.
VISA INFORMATION
All nationalities require a visa for Nepal. You
will find visa application forms and detailed
instructions in your pre departure information
kit along with the up to date prices for visas
obtained in your home country.
It is also possible to obtain your Nepal visa
on arrival at Kathmandu Airport, however we recommend
that you obtain your visa before departure. Currently
the cost is USD30 for a single entry tourist visa.
A double entry tourist visa is USD55 (required
for passengers on our Tibet itineraries). You
can collect the application form required to obtain
your visa on arrival, from your Worldwide Adventures
reservation consultant or at the Kathmandu Airport
on arrival. You will need two current passport
photographs with you, to obtain the visa. These
prices are subject to change without notice, however
we will do our utmost to keep you informed prior
to your departure.
TIPPING
Tipping is a tradition throughout the Indian sub-continent.
At the end of the trek your leader will collect
what you wish to give and assist the group to
distribute it fairly amongst the crew. The staff
will work very hard and look forward to your tip
as an indication from you of a job well done.
As a recommendation, you should budget on tipping
around 160 rupees (approximately USD$2-3) for
each trek day. If you wish to tip the leader please
do this in addition to the crew's tip. We do not
include the tip in the cost of your trek because
if we did the crew would not see it as an expression
of your satisfaction.
ITINERARY
Our itineraries are designed to allow you to acclimatize
to the altitude gains comfortably and without
risk. Although it would be possible to do this
trek in fewer days, we believe that extra time
in addition to the minimum days must be included
to allow for contingencies such as bad weather,
or the opportunity to attend a festival.
The walking hours mentioned are only a guide
and could vary considerably according to each
individual, depending on your particular pace
and how often you stop for photographs or breaks.
The route and overnight stops are at the discretion
of the group leader and the itinerary should be
seen only as an indication.
ACCOMMODATION
World Expeditions (Worldwide Adventures) clients
will generally stay at the Radisson Hotel, a first
class hotel within walking distance of the town
centre, where a full breakfast is provided. However
at peak times it may be necessary to use other
hotels of equal standard. You will leave all those
items not required on the trek at the hotel.
PORTER INITIATIVES
World Expeditions (Worldwide Adventures) was the
first trekking company to support the International
Porter Protection Group (IPPG). IPPG sets guidelines
for trekking companies and trekkers, aimed at
fostering the well-being of mountain porters,
including providing them with adequate clothing,
medical care and sufficient funds to cover the
cost of rescue and treatment. Our close association
with the IPPG is part of our ongoing commitment
to improving conditions for our porters and lessening
the impact of trekking on the fragile environment
of Nepal.
PROTECTING NEPAL’S
FORESTS
Deforestation in Nepal is a major problem. By
joining a trek with World Expeditions (Worldwide
Adventures) you are supporting a sustainable trekking
service where we use only kerosene, rather than
depleting natural resources. Camping, rather than
staying in teahouses, ensures we can fulfill this.
We are also the only company in Nepal with a policy
of providing mess tents, cooking equipment, food
and kerosene for our porters. Naturally these
initiatives come at a cost that you could avoid
by travelling with another trekking company. We
hope you will share our vision of protecting Nepal’s
fragile environment for future generations.
GEAR
Most of the specialist gear required for the trip
is provided by World Expeditions (Worldwide Adventures).
In Kathmandu you will be given a kitbag containing
a quality sleeping bag and inner liner, insulating
rubber mat, and a down or fibre-filled jacket.
You will need walking boots, a day-pack and a
water bottle in addition to your clothing and
personal gear. Please refer to the Nepal Pre-departure
booklet for full requirements.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Nepal's environment is extremely fragile. The
rapidly increasing population puts immeasurable
pressure on the country's environment and resources
and it is our responsibility as visitors to minimize
the impact of our presence. Deforestation is Nepal's
greatest environmental problem and World Expeditions
(Worldwide Adventures) pioneered the use of kerosene
as an alternative fuel to wood on all expeditions.
We do not have campfires and we strongly discourage
trekkers from buying wood-fuelled hot showers
in teahouses along the trail. We do not cook in
teahouses as they burn wood but do our cooking
on kerosene stoves that we carry with us.
In September 2001 we were the proud recipients
of the Australian National Travel Industry's Environmental
Achievement award for our Responsible Travel Guidebook.
This detailed guide to responsible & sustainable
travel is provided to all World Expeditions (Worldwide
Adventures) clients before they travel. Please
ask your consultant if you have not received your
copy of our award-winning book. Alternatively,
you may like to download a copy from our website.
POKHARA TO KATHMANDU
MOUNTAIN FLIGHT
The flight to Kathmandu is a spectacular journey
and one of travels musts. Unlike the small mountain
airstrips that use small aircraft and are often
unreliable due to weather delays, this flight
is from the major airport of Pokhara to the capital
of Kathmandu. The many flights between these two
cities use larger aircraft and have frequent schedules.
The views of the Annapurna, Manaslu, Ganesh and
Langtang ranges are breathtaking. An extra bonus
is that we avoid a day-long bus journey back to
Kathmandu along the road you have already traveled,
giving you more time to relax in Kathmandu and
explore its highlights.
ACUTE MOUNTAIN
SICKNESS
When we ascend above 2500 meters our bodies have
to acclimatize to the decreasing amount of the
oxygen available. To allow our bodies to adjust
World Expeditions (Worldwide Adventures) has structured
its treks so that you ascend slowly, allowing
acclimatization to occur. However, during the
acclimatization process, you may experience some
of the following symptoms.
• Headache,
• Tiredness,
• Disturbed sleep ,
• Loss of appetite/nausea,
• Shortness of Breath,
• Cough,
• Palpitation,
• Swelling of the hands and face.
Individuals acclimatize at different rates. Your
best strategy is to take your time and drink plenty
of water. These symptoms may not indicate the
onset of A.M.S. and if you experience them it
does not necessarily mean that you should not
continue. All World Expeditions (Worldwide Adventures)
group leaders have extensive first aid training
and we urge you to communicate with the group
leader at all times should you believe you have
any symptoms in order that we can effectively
monitor your symptoms. The only cure for Acute
Mountain Sickness is to descend.
Please note that your group leader has ultimate
responsibility and may ask you to descend if symptoms
persist.
Important
Note:
These trip notes represent the most current
information available for this itinerary, and
supersede any information detailed in the current
brochure, including but not limited to the itinerary
and price. In remote and developing countries
do not expect standards you are used to at home.
Remote areas are sometimes unpredictable and itineraries
may be altered. To get the most out of your adventure
it is important that you are flexible, positive
and eager to take on all the challenges that arise.
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Highlights 
